The author analyses the period of world history known as the Cold War. He puts a question whether this war is over. According to his view, this has not occurred. Moreover, in the world, including Europe, international tensions have intensified, a number of new conflicts have erupted. It appears that a new kind of a Cold War is again acquiring real features. This may find confirmation in the re-emergence of right extremism, growth of terrorism, civil wars and ethnic conflicts. The author has undertaken to evaluate consequences of the Cold War in the XX century, to look into its origins and to define reasons that gave birth to it, to assess the role of the political leaders who contributed to the emergence and growth of this phenomenon. This research is driven by the principle that history cannot be re-written. However, history should be thoroughly studied in order to draw useful lessons, which may help contemporaries to evade repeating mistakes of the past.